Clinical analysis of the treatment of maxillary odontogenic cyst by nasal endoscope fenestration through nasal base / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical effect of the surgical approach and method of transnasal fenestration under nasal endoscope for the treatment of maxillary odontogenic cyst. Methods:The clinical data of 23 cases with maxillary odontogenic cysts treated by nasal endoscopy through nasal fenestration were retrospectively analyzed. All cases underwent nasal endoscopy and CT examination before the operation. The mucosal membrane of the parietal wall of the cyst was excised through fenestration of the nasal base. The cyst fluid was removed by decompression, and the bony opening of the nasal base was trimmed and enlarged to the edge of the cyst. The intraoperative and postoperative effects were observed. Results:All cases were well exposed under the direct vision of nasal endoscope. The top wall of the cyst was removed to maximize the communication between the cyst cavity and the nasal floor. There were no complications such as nasolacrimal duct injury, turbinate atrophy, necrosis, and facial numbness. All patients were followed up for 6-12 months, and the clinical symptoms gradually disappeared after surgery. The inferior turbinate was in good shape, the cyst cavity was smooth, the cyst wall was determined, and no cyst recurrence was observed. Conclusion:The treatment of odontogenic cyst of maxilla under nasal endoscope through nasal fenestration is convenient. It has less trauma, fewer complications and a satisfactory curative effect, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Analysis of the curative effect of triple surgery under endoscope in the treatment of intractable heel pain / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effect the treatment of arthroscopy-assisted calcaneal spur resection combined with plantar fascia release and calcaneal decompression in the treatment of the patients with intractable calcaneal pain.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 50 patients with intractable heel pain from January 2016 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 males and 30 females;aged from 40 to 68 years old with an average of (50.12±7.35)years old, the medical history ranged from 1 to 4 years. All patients underwent arthroscopy-assisted calcaneal spur resection combined with plantar fascia release and calcaneal decompression, and were followed up, the duration ranged from 24 to 60 months with an average of(42.00±3.28) months. All patients had obvious heel pain before surgery, and X-ray examinations often showed the presence of calcaneal spurs. In addition to the routine foot examination, the changes in the height and angle of the arch of the foot were also measured pre and post-operatively by X-ray, for the evaluation of clinical effect. The VAS system was used to evaluate the degree of foot pain;the AOFAS scoring system was used to comprehensively evaluate the foot pain, voluntary movement, gait and stability.@*RESULTS@#The VAS decreased from (8.75±1.24) before surgery to (5.15±2.35) at 3 months after surgery, (4.07±2.53) at 6 months after surgery, and (3.95±2.44) at the last fllow-up(P<0.05). The AOFAS score increased from (53.46±4.17) before surgery to(92.46±2.53) at 3 months after surgery, (96.33±2.46) at 6 months after surgery, and (97.05±2.37) at the last follow-up(P<0.05). The arch height was (41.54±1.15) mm before operation and (41.49±1.09) mm after the operation, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The internal arch angle of the foot arch was (121±6)° before operation and (122±7)° after operation. The difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Arthroscopy-assisted calcaneal bone spurs resection combined with plantar fascia release and calcaneal decompression exhibited great clinical effect for treating intractable heel.

Cleaning of in-hospital flexible endoscopes: Limitations and challenges / Limpeza de endoscópios flexíveis intra-hospitalares: limitações e desafios / Limpieza de endoscopios flexibles intrahospitalarios: limitaciones y desafíos

Abstract Objective: to analyze the cleaning process of gastroscopes, colonoscopes and duodenoscopes in eight in-hospital health services. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with 22 endoscopes (eight gastroscopes, eight colonoscopes and six duodenoscopes), and microbiological analysis of 60 samples of air/water channels (all endoscopes) and elevator (duodenoscopes), in addition to protein testing. Descriptive statistics with calculation of frequencies and central tendency measures was used in data analysis. Results: the processing of 22 endoscopes was monitored with microbiological analysis for 60 channels. In the pre-cleaning procedure, in 82.3% (14/17) of the devices, gauze was used in cleaning the insertion tube. Incomplete immersion of the endoscope in detergent solution occurred in 72.3% (17/22) of the cases, and in 63.6% (14/22) there was no standardization of filling-in of the channels. Friction of the biopsy channel was not performed in 13.6% (3/22) of the devices. In the microbiological analysis, 25% (7/32) of the samples from the stored endoscopes were positive for microbial growth (from 2x101 to 9.5x104 CFU/mL), while after processing, contamination was 32% (9/28). Protein residues in the elevator channel were detected in 33% of duodenoscopes. Conclusion: the results indicate important gaps in the stages of pre-cleaning and cleaning of endoscopes that, associated with presence of protein residues and growth of microorganisms of epidemiological importance, indicate limitations in safety of the processing procedures, which can compromise the disinfection processes and, consequently, their safe use among patients subjected to such tests.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o processo de limpeza de gastroscópios, colonoscópios e duodenoscópios em oito serviços de saúde intra-hospitalar. Método: estudo transversal com 22 endoscópios, sendo oito gastroscópios, oito colonoscópios e seis duodenoscópios, e análise microbiológica de 60 amostras dos canais de ar/água (todos os endoscópios) e elevador (duodenoscópios), além de teste de proteína. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva, com cálculo de frequências e medidas de tendência central. Resultados: o processamento de 22 endoscópios foi acompanhado com análise microbiológica de 60 canais. Na pré-limpeza, em 82,3% (14/17) dos equipamentos, foi utilizada gaze na limpeza do tubo de inserção. A imersão incompleta do endoscópio em solução detergente ocorreu em 72,3% (17/22) dos casos, e em 63,6% (14/22) não havia padronização do preenchimento dos canais. A fricção do canal de biópsia não foi realizada em 13,6% (3/22) dos equipamentos. Na análise microbiológica, 25% (7/32) das amostras dos endoscópios armazenados foram positivas para crescimento microbiano (2x101 a 9,5x104 UFC/mL), enquanto após o processamento, a contaminação foi de 32% (9/28). Resíduos de proteína no canal do elevador foram detectados em 33% dos duodenoscópios. Conclusão: os resultados apontam lacunas importantes nas etapas de pré-limpeza e limpeza dos endoscópios que, associadas à presença de resíduos de proteína e ao crescimento de microrganismo de importância epidemiológica, sinalizam limitações na segurança do processamento, que podem comprometer os processos de desinfecção e consequentemente seu uso seguro entre pacientes submetidos a tais exames.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el proceso de limpieza de gastroscopios, colonoscopios y duodenoscopios en ocho servicios de salud intrahospitalarios. Método: estudio transversal con 22 endoscopios, de los cuales ocho eran gastroscopios, ocho colonoscopios y seis duodenoscopios, y análisis microbiológico de 60 muestras de los canales de aire/agua (todos los endoscopios) y elevador (duodenoscopios), además de prueba de proteínas. En el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con cálculo de frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: el procesamiento de los 22 endoscopios fue monitoreado con el análisis microbiológico de 60 canales. En la prelimpieza, en el 82,3% (14/17) de los equipos se utilizó gasa para limpiar el tubo de inserción. En el 72,3% (17/22) de los casos la inmersión del endoscopio en solución detergente fue incompleta y en el 63,6% (14/22) no hubo estandarización del llenado de los canales. La fricción del canal de biopsia no se realizó en el 13,6% (3/22) de los equipos. En el análisis microbiológico, el 25% (7/32) de las muestras endoscópicas almacenadas dio positivo para crecimiento microbiano (2x101 a 9,5x104 UFC/ml), mientras que después del procesamiento, la contaminación fue del 32% (9/28). Se detectaron residuos de proteína en el canal elevador en el 33% de los duodenoscopios. Conclusión: los resultados indican que hay importantes lagunas en las etapas de prelimpieza y limpieza de los endoscopios que, junto con la presencia de residuos de proteínas y del crecimiento de microorganismos de importancia epidemiológica, indican limitaciones en la seguridad del procesamiento, que pueden comprometer los procesos de desinfección y, por ende, el uso seguro en los pacientes que se someten a esos procedimientos.

Effects of primary preventive treatment under endoscope for esophageal and gastric varices on bleeding rate and its relevant factors / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of primary preventive treatment under endoscope for esophageal and gastric varices on bleeding rate and its relevant factors. Methods: 127 cases with liver cirrhosis accompanied with esophageal and gastric varices without bleeding history were included in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic treatment group, respectively. Informed consent was obtained from both groups. Gastric varices (Lgf) and esophageal varices (Leg) were diagnosed according to LDRf classification criteria, and the corresponding treatment scheme was selected according to the recommended principle of this method.The incidence rate of bleeding from ruptured esophageal varices were observed at 3, 6 months, and 1, and 2 years in the treated and the untreated group, and the patients with different Child-Pugh scores were followed-up for 2 years. Gender, age, etiology, varicose degree, Child-Pugh grade, platelet count, prothrombin activity, portal vein thrombosis, collateral circulation, portal vein width and other factors affecting the bleeding rate were assessed. Measurement data were described as mean ± standard deviation (x¯±s), and qualitative data of categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%), and χ2 test was used. Results: 127 cases were followed up for 2 years. There were 55 cases in the endoscopic treatment group (18 cases underwent band ligation, 2 cases underwent band ligation combined with tissue adhesive embolization, 28 cases underwent sclerotherapy, and 7 cases underwent sclerotherapy combined with tissue adhesive embolization). Recurrent bleeding and hemorrhage was occurred in 5 (9.1%) and 28 cases (38.9%), respectively (P<0.05). In addition, there were 72 cases in the untreated group (P<0.05). Severe varicose veins proportions in treated and untreated group were 91.1% and 85.1%, respectively (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in liver cirrhosis-related medication and β-blocker therapy between the treated and untreated group (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the bleeding rate between the different treated groups (P>0.05). The bleeding rates at 3, 6 months, 1, and 2 years in endoscopic treated and untreated group were 2.00% vs. 2.59% (P>0.05), 2.30% vs. 5.88% (P>0.05), 3.10% vs. 7.55% (P>0.05) and 4.00% vs. 21.62% (P<0.05), respectively. All patients with Child-Pugh grade A, B and C in the treated and the untreated group were followed-up for 2 years, and the bleeding rates were 1.8% vs. 8.1% (P<0.05), 1.1% vs. 9.4% (P<0.05) and 9.1% vs. 10.1% (P>0.05), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rupture and bleeding of esophageal and gastric varices, varices degree, Child-Pugh grade and presence or absence of thrombosis formation in portal vein (P<0.05); however, no statistically significant differences in gender, age, etiology, platelet count, prothrombin activity, collateral circulation and portal vein width (P>0.05). There was no intraoperative bleeding and postoperative related serious complications in the treated group. Conclusion: The risk of initial episodes of bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices is significantly correlated with the varices degree, Child-Pugh grade, and portal vein thrombosis. Primary preventive treatment under endoscope is safe and effective for reducing the long-term variceal bleeding risk from esophageal and gastric varices.

Glasses-free Three Dimensional Endoscopic Display System with Multi-face Detection / 中国医疗器械杂志

The glasses-free three dimensional(3D) endoscopic display system provides the surgeon with the depth information of the minimally invasive surgery scene obtained from the binocular perspective, which can effectively relieve the surgeon's posture fatigue and visual fatigue during the long-term surgery, and assist in the operation of surgical instruments more accurately to reduce the damage to the surrounding tissues of the operation area. However, the glasses-free 3D display device currently has the problem of a narrow optimal viewing zone and easy crosstalk, especially in the surgical teaching application scenario, which performs poorly. In order to overcome the limitation of the narrower field of view, we introduce deep learning algorithms to detect and locate multiple faces, fine-tune the 3D display grating of the endoscope, rearrange pixels, and change the best view area, so that more people can get the best view. The experimental results show that the face detection accuracy of the method is 97.88%, and the detection time is 135 frames/ms, which achieves high accuracy while maintaining real-time performance.

Development of Non-invasive Endoscope System with Magnetic Anchored Ablation Electrode for Early Cancer of Digestive Tract / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study introduces a non-invasive gastrointestinal early cancer magnetic anchor ablation electrode endoscopy system, including a magnetic anchor module and ablation electrode module. The magnetic anchoring module is composed of an external guide magnet and an internal magnet, made of permanent magnet material NdFeB; the ablation electrode module is based on the modification of the front end lens hood of the existing endoscope (CMD-90D LED electronic upper gastrointestinal endoscope). The new endoscope system not only includes all the functions of the original endoscope, but also introduces magnetic anchoring to enable the ablation electrode to be accurately positioned and controllable in the process of treating tumors, avoiding the phenomenon of gastric perforation; the introduction of steep pulse electric field ablation electrodes realizes the purpose of non-invasive treatment. Its clinical application will become a new method to treat early cancer of the digestive tract.

A minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach for removal of arachnoid cysts in the internal auditory canal: a step by step description / Abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para remoção de cistos aracnóides no conduto auditivo interno: descrição passo a passo

Abstract Introduction: Arachnoid cyst in the internal auditory canal is a quite rare pathology but due to its compressive action on the nerves in this district should be surgically removed. Several surgical techniques have been proposed but no surgeons have used the minimally assisted endoscope retrosigmoid approach for its removal. Objective: To investigate the feasibility of using a minimally invasive endoscope assisted retro-sigmoid approach for surgical removal of arachnoid cysts in the internal auditory canal. Methods: Minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach allows to access to the internal auditory canal through a minimally invasive retrosigmoid approach that combines the use of a microscope and an endoscope. It is performed in six steps: soft tissue step, bone step, dura step, cerebellopontine angle step (performed using an endoscope and a microscope), microscope-endoscope assisted arachnoid cysts removal and closure. We tested minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach for removal of arachnoid cysts in the internal auditory canal on two human cadaveric heads (specimens) of subjects affected from audio-vestibular disorders and with arachnoid cysts in the internal auditory canal confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The mass was completely and successfully removed from the two specimens with no damage to the nerves and/or vessels in the surgical area. Conclusion: The results of our study are encouraging and support the feasibility of using minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach for removal of arachnoid cysts in the internal auditory canal. While further clinical in-vivo studies are needed to confirm the accuracy and safety of using the minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach for this specific surgery, our group has successfully used the minimally invasive endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach in the treatment of microvascular compressive syndrome, schwannoma removal and vestibular nerve resection.

Resumo Introdução: O cisto aracnóide no conduto auditivo interno é uma doença bastante rara, mas, devido à sua ação compressiva sobre os nervos deste local, ele deve ser removido cirurgicamente. Várias técnicas cirúrgicas foram propostas, mas ninguém utilizou a abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para a sua remoção. Objetivo: Investigar a viabilidade do uso da abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para remoção cirúrgica de cistos aracnóides no conduto auditivo interno. Método: A abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia permite o acesso ao conduto auditivo interno através de uma abordagem retrosigmóide minimamente invasiva que combina o uso de um microscópio e um endoscópio. É realizada em seis etapas: do tecido mole, óssea, dura-máter, do ângulo pontocerebelar (realizado com um endoscópio e um microscópio), remoção e fechamento assistidos por endoscópio-microscópico. Testamos a abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para remoção de cistos aracnóides no conduto auditivo interno em duas cabeças de cadáveres humanos (espécimes) de indivíduos afetados por distúrbios auditivos-vestibulares e com cistos aracnóides no conduto auditivo interno confirmado por imagem de ressonância magnética. Resultados: A lesão foi removida completamente e com sucesso nos dois espécimes sem dano aos nervos e/ou vasos na área cirúrgica. Conclusão: Os resultados do nosso estudo são encorajadores e apoiam a viabilidade do uso da abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para remoção de cistos aracnóides no conduto auditivo interno. Embora mais estudos clínicos in vivo sejam necessários para confirmar a precisão e a segurança do uso da abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia para essa cirurgia específica, nosso grupo utilizou com sucesso a abordagem retrosigmoide minimamente invasiva assistida por endoscopia no tratamento da síndrome compressiva microvascular, remoção de schwannoma e ressecção do nervo vestibular.

Mini-incision with endoscope-assisted surgery for bilateral congenital second branchial cleft fistula and a pedigree report / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of mini-incision with endoscope-assisted resection for bilateral congenital second branchial cleft fistula, and to report on a rare pedigree. Methods: The clinical data of 5 patients with bilateral congenital second branchial fistula admitted in Fujian Provincial Hospital from April 2007 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed, including 2 males and 3 females, aged from 3 to 31 years old. The surgical strateges and clinical experience of single mini-incision with endoscope-assisted fistulectomy were summarized, and a rare pedigree was reported. Results: In five patients, Case 1 to Case 4 were treated with bilateral endoscopic-assisted fistula high ligation with titanium clips and removal through a single small incision under general anesthesia. No obvious complications occurred after the operation. The patients were followed up for 40-164 months with no fistula recurrence. Case 5 gave up surgical resection and was followed up for 24 months with acute infection attack once. Case 2 and Case 4 came from the same family. In this family, 7 out of 31 members of four generations had second branchial cleft fistulas, of which 4 were bilateral and 3 were right. Pedigree analysis was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. No deafness, preauricular tag, external and middle ear deformity and kidney malformation were found in the family members. Conclusions: Bilateral congenital second branchial cleft fistula is rare. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment. Mini-incision with endoscopic-assisted fistula high ligation with titanium clip and resection has clear operative field, ideal cosmetic effect and definite curative effect.

Clinical study of periodontal endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling in the treatment of residual pocket / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To compare the treatment effects of periodontal endoscope-assisted and traditional subgingival scaling on residual pockets.@*METHODS@#A total of 13 patients with periodontitis from Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University were recruited. After 4-6 weeks of initial treatment, the residual pockets with a probing depth (PD) of ≥4 mm and attachment loss (AL) of ≥4 mm and bleeding on probing were examined with traditional (control group) and periodontal endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling (endoscopy group) in a randomly controlled split-mouth design. At baseline and 6 weeks and 3 months after treatment, plaque index (PLI), PD, AL, and bleeding index (BI) were measured. Differences in these clinical parameters within and between groups and patient-reported outcomes were compared.@*RESULTS@#A total of the 694 sites of 251 teeth were included in this trial. Both groups showed significant improvement in each periodontal parameters 6 weeks and 3 months after treatment (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Periodontal endoscope-assisted subgingival scaling resulted in better effects than traditional subgingival scaling when the residual pockets were in a single-rooted tooth, with a PD of ≥5 mm but without vertical alveolar bone resorption and furcation involvement.

Development and Clinical Application of Portable Electronic Endoscope / 中国医疗器械杂志

Electronic endoscope is one of the crucial tools for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. Along with the continuous development of clinical applications, conventional electronic endoscope has not been able to meet all the clinical requirements. In recent years, with the rapid development of the material, sensor and electronic technologies, electronic endoscope has attracted many researchers and companies' attention. Nowadays, because of being suitable for some special mobile medical scenes like field operations, natural calamities and hospital first aids, various portable electronic endoscopes have been developed and applied in clinic. The present study aims to give a review on portable electronic endoscopes development and clinical applications.

Uso de cânula rígida com rosca e endoscópio flexível para videolaparoscopia de acesso único em equinos em estação / Use of threaded rigid cannula and flexible endoscope for single access video laparoscopy in standing horses

Com o objetivo de promover, por meio de acesso único e com o uso de endoscópio flexível, ampla exploração da cavidade peritoneal de equinos em estação, foi concebida uma cânula laparoscópica para dar sustentação ao endoscópio e possibilitar o acesso sob visualização. O procedimento foi realizado a partir da fossa paralombar. Após pequena incisão cutânea, o endoscópio foi inserido na cânula e os músculos e o peritônio foram divulsionados mediante rotação da cânula. Logo depois da perfuração do peritônio, foi realizada a exploração da cavidade e a identificação das estruturas. Em seguida à exploração do lado ipsilateral ao acesso, realizou-se a transposição do conjunto cânula/endoscópio ventralmente à porção caudal do cólon descendente, seguida de exploração do lado contralateral. Concluída a técnica, foi executado, para fins de comparação, o mesmo procedimento por meio da fossa paralombar contralateral. Foi possível a transposição do conjunto cânula/endoscópio para o lado contralateral ao acesso em todos os procedimentos. Também foi possível a identificação da maioria das estruturas abdominais tanto pelo acesso esquerdo quanto pelo direito. A abordagem por acesso único mostrou-se viável para a exploração ampla da cavidade peritoneal, demonstrando ser uma alternativa à técnica laparoscópica convencional.(AU)

A laparoscopic cannula was designed to support a single access approach with a flexible endoscope for the wide exploration of the peritoneal cavity of standing horses. It provides support to the endoscope and allows access to the peritoneal cavity with a visual aid. This procedure was performed through the paralumbar fossa. After a small cutaneous incision, the endoscope was inserted into the cannula, and the muscles and peritoneum were divulsed through the rotation of the cannula. After the peritoneal perforation, cavity exploration and identification of structures were performed. After the exploration of the ipsilateral side of the access, the cannula/endoscope was transposed ventrally to the caudal portion of the descending colon; this was followed by the exploration of the contralateral side. Once this process was completed, the same procedure was performed through the contralateral paralumbar fossa for comparison. It was possible to transpose the cannula/endoscope set to the contralateral access side in all procedures. Further, it was possible to identify most of the abdominal structures in both the left and right access. This single access approach proved to be feasible for the extensive exploration of the peritoneal cavity, thereby indicating it can be an alternative to the conventional laparoscopic technique.(AU)

Design Elements of Medical Endoscope and Concerns of Registration Technical Evaluation / 中国医疗器械杂志

From the point of view of medical device registration technical evaluation, production process of endoscope, three-dimensional imaging(3D), high resolution imaging are discussed. We focus on the process of design and development, especially verification and validation. The general principle is that all risks and unexpected impacts should be minimized and acceptable to ensure that benefits are greater than risks in normal use.

A modified rabbit model of tracheal stenosis and a household endoscope. More simplicity and accessibility

Abstract Purpose: To develop a simpler animal model for benign tracheal stenosis and introduce a low-cost household endoscope for postmodeling endotracheal evaluation. Methods: Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into a model group (15 rabbits, subjected to transoral nylon brush scraping of the trachea) and a mock group (5 rabbits, merely exempted from scraping), a household endoscope was then introduced for weekly endoscopic examination. Meanwhile, other 15 rabbits (modeling like the model group) underwent batch tracheal resection at different postintervention times for pathological analysis. Results: The model group presented a low mortality and few complications. The endoscope could obtain adequate images for stenosis assessment, which showed that the models presented homogeneous injury after scraping and developed a mature scar stricture at 28 days postoperatively with a mean stenosis degree of 65.9%, and 71.4% (10/14) above Myer-Cotton's grade II. The pathological findings were consistent with the clinicopathological process of human. No stenosis was found in mock group. Conclusion: The modified model is simpler, minimally invasive and reliable, while the household endoscope is competent for model's follow-up, providing easily accessible and useful tools for facilitating more extensive studies of benign tracheal stenosis.

Robotic endoscopy. A review of the literature

Abstract Purpose To present new endoscopic robotic devices in the context of minimally invasive procedures with high precision and automation. Methods Review of the literature by December 2018 on robotic endoscopy. Results We present the studies and investments for robotic implementation and flexible endoscopy evolution. We divided them into forceps manipulation platforms, active endoscopy and endoscopic capsule. They try to improve forceps handling and stability and to promote active movement. Conclusion The implementation and propagation of robotic models depend on doing what the endoscopist is unable to. The new devices are moving forward in this direction.

Efficacy of periodontal endoscope-assisted non-surgical treatment for severe and generalized periodontitis / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effectiveness of periodontal endoscope as an adjuvant therapy for the non-surgical periodontal treatment of patients with severe and generalized periodontitis.@*METHODS@#Patients (n=13) were divided into three groups: patients treated with conventional subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) (n=7, 408 sites) (group A), SRP using periodontal endoscope (n=4, 188 sites) (group B) or SRP with periodontal endoscope 3 months after initial SRP (n=2, 142 sites) (group C). Two subgroups were divided into 2 subgroups according to PD at the baseline: 46 mm as subgroup 2. Probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), gingival recession (GR) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded.@*RESULTS@#The results of 3 months after treatment showed all PD, AL, and GR values in group A1 were less than those in group B1 (P6 mm, the application of periodontal endoscopy can increase the effect, reducing PD and GR, which may be an effective supplement to the current non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Analysis of an improved workflow of endoscope reprocessing for bedside endoscopic diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 patients / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Severe cases infected with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), named by the World Health Organization (WHO) on Feb. 11, 2020, tend to present a hypercatabolic state because of severe systemic consumption, and are susceptible to stress ulcers and even life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment constitute an irreplaceable part in the handling of severe COVID-19 cases. Endoscopes, as reusable precision instruments with complicated structures, require more techniques than other medical devices in cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and other reprocessing procedures. From 2016 to 2019, health care-acquired infection caused by improper endoscope reprocessing has always been among the top 5 on the list of top 10 health technology hazards issued by the Emergency Care Research Institute. Considering the highly infective nature of COVID-19 and the potential aerosol contamination therefrom, it is of pivotal significance to ensure that endoscopes are strictly reprocessed between uses. In accordance with the national standard "Regulation for Cleaning and Disinfection Technique of Flexible Endoscope (WS507-2016)," we improved the workflow of endoscope reprocessing including the selection of chemicals in an effort to ensure quality control throughout the clinical management towards COVID-19 patients. Based on the experience we attained from the 12 severe COVID-19 cases in our hospital who underwent endoscopy 23 times in total, the article provides an improved version of endoscopic reprocessing guidelines for bedside endoscopic diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 patients for reference.

3D Printer Application for Endoscope-Assisted Spine Surgery Instrument Development: From Prototype Instruments to Patient-Specific 3D Models

Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies

Abstract Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by themost complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia. (AU)